Wednesday, August 30, 2017

Past Tense Verb Endings

The past tense is used to refer to actions that occurred in the past. 
The past tense in Spanish has two predictable verb endings: one for –ar verbs, such as hablar (to speak), and another for –er and –ir verbs, such as comer (to eat) and escribir (to write). 
It is important to point out that many verbs in Spanish have an irregular past tense conjugation. For those irregular cases, the best way to learn their conjugation is with memorization and practice.

Regular –ar verbs are conjugated as follows:

PersonEndingsExamples
Iyo hablé
you (familiar)-astetú hablaste
he, she, it, you (formal)él habló, ella habló, usted habló
we-amosnosotros hablamos
you (plural Latin America)-aronustedes hablaron
you (plural Spain)-asteisvosotros hablasteis
they-aronellos hablaron
Regular –er and –ir verbs are conjugated as follows:
PersonEndingsExamples
Iyo comí, yo escribí
you (familiar)-istetú comiste, tú escribiste
he, she, it, you (formal)-ióél comió, ella escribió, usted comió
we-imosnosotros comimos, nosotras escribimos
you (plural Latin America)-ieronustedes comieron, ustedes escribieron
you (plural Spain)-isteisvosotras comisteis, vosotros escribisteis
they-ieronellos comieron, ellas escribieron

Tuesday, August 22, 2017

Object pronouns

In English, the words "he" and "I" can be used as subjects (the ones doing the action in a sentence), and they change to "him" and "me" when they are objects (the ones the action is applied to). 
For example, we say "He likes me" and "I like him." "Me," "him", "her," etc. are called object pronouns.
Objects pronouns can either be direct or indirect. The direct object is the thing or person that is directly receiving the action. For example, "him" is the direct object in "she likes him." The indirect object is the receiver of the direct object. For example, "him" is the indirect object in "she writes him a book."
In English, object pronouns are the same for both direct and indirect objects, but in Spanish they can change.
The object pronouns in Spanish are:
Subject PronounDirect Object PronounIndirect Object Pronoun
yome (me/to me)
te (you/to you)
él
usted (masc)
lo (him, it; you)le (to him/her/it/you)
ella
usted (fem)
la (her, it; you)
nosotros/nosotrasnos (us/to us)
vosotros/vosotrasos (you/to you)
ellos
ustedes (masc)
los (them; you)les (to them/you)
ellas
ustedes (fem)
las (them; you)

Unlike in English where object pronouns go after the verb ("I see him"), Spanish object pronouns are generally placed directly before the verb. Below are some examples:
EnglishSpanish
You write me a bookMe escribes un libro
I see you from my houseTe veo desde mi casa
I see himYo lo veo
I see herYo la veo
She writes a book to himElla le escribe un libro a él
He sees usÉl nos ve
I see themYo los veo a ellos/Yo las veo a ellas
I write them a bookYo les escribo un libro a ellos/ellas
Further clarification about who the sentence is talking about can always be added. For example, "I see him" can be translated as "Yo lo veo" and "Yo lo veo a él." Sometimes this clarification is necessary in order to remove ambiguity, while other times it is simply redundant.
For example, "Yo los veo" is ambiguous because it could mean "I see them" or "I see you guys," so unless it is clear from context you would say "Yo los veo a ellos" or "Yo los veo a ustedes." However, "él nos ve" and "él nos ve a nosotros" mean exactly the same thing, since there is no ambiguity with "nos."

Friday, August 4, 2017

Common Questioning vocabulary in Spanish

Need Necesitas
More más
Want quiero
how much Cuánto
how Cómo
which Cuáles
What Qué
who Quiénes
Which Cual
Question pregunta
When Cuándo
can puede
speak hablo 
play toca
run corre
have tiene
drink beben
without sin
because porque
while mientras
more más
even though aunque
And Y
or O
but pero 
with con
against contra
under bajo
for para
about acerca
A un
un
towards hacia
whom quien
next to the / near cerca
among entre
to the al 
go voy
loves quiere
Why Por qué
why not  Por qué no
touch tocas
according to Según
do not mention it por nada
on en
Any cualquier
some algunos
much mucha
every todos
both ambos
Any Cualquier
Except menos
never nunca
always siempre
too much demasiado
like that Asi

Important Grammar - Subject pronoun, Ser conjunction, Present tense verb endings, Possessive verbs/determines, Demonstrative determiners in Spanish



Conjunction of Ser











Present tense verb endings















Possessive verbs

Possessive determines






Demonstrative determines





Useful Expressions in Spanish

Greetings


Hello.¡Hola!
Good morning.¡Buenos días!
Good afternoon.¡Buenas tardes!
Good evening / Good night.¡Buenas noches!
See you / Bye.¡Hasta la vista! / ¡Adiós!
See you soon.¡Hasta luego!
See you tomorrow.¡Hasta mañana!

Courtesy


Please.¡Por favor!
Thank you.¡Gracias!
Thank you very much¡Muchas gracias!
Not at all / You're welcome.No hay de qué / De nada.
No, thanks.No, gracias.
Sorry.Perdón.
Excuse me.Perdóneme / Discúlpeme.
I'm sorry.Lo siento.
I'm very sorry.Lo siento mucho.
Never mind / Doesn't matter.No importa.
My pleasure.Encantado / Mucho gusto.
How are you?¿Cómo está? / ¿Cómo estás? ¿Qué tal?
All right.De acuerdo / Vale.
Of course.¡Por supuesto! / Naturalmente.

Introduction


What's your name?¿Cómo se llama usted? / ¿Cómo te llamas?
My name is XY.Me llamo XY.
My name is XY.Mi nombre es XY.


Age


How old are you?¿Cuántos años tiene? / ¿Cuántos años tienes?
What's your age?¿Cuál es su edad?
I'm twenty.Tengo veinte años.
She/he is very young.Es muy joven.
She/he is old.Es viejo.

Uncertainty


I don't mind.Me da lo mismo.
I don't know.No sé / No lo sé.
I don't think so.No lo creo.
It depends.Depende.

Problems of understanding


I don't understand.No entiendo.
Could you please ...?¿Podría usted ..., por favor?
Could you please speak more slowly?¿Podría usted hablar más lento, por favor?
A bit more slowly, please.Un poco más lento, por favor.
Please spell it.Deletréela, por favor.
Please write it down..Escríbamela, por favor.
Please repeat it.Repítalo, por favor.
What does this word mean?¿Qué significa esta palabra?
What is this called in Spanish?¿Cómo se llama esto en español?

Asking and telling the time


What's the time?¿Qué hora es?
At what time?¿A qué hora?
It's one o'clock.Es la una.
At one o'clock.A la una.
It's two / three / four o'clock.Son las dos / tres / cuatro.
At two / three / four o'clock.A las dos / tres / cuatro.

Asking and giving directions


Where are we?¿Dónde estamos?
We are here.Estamos aquí.
How do I get to Madrid?¿Cómo puedo llegar a Madrid?
Where does this road lead?¿A dónde lleva esta carretera?
Where is the ...?¿Dónde está el/la ...?
Where can I find a ...?¿Dónde puedo encontrar un(a) ...?
¿Dónde se encuentra el/la ...?
 
Is the ... far?¿Está lejos el/la ...?
How far is the ...?¿A qué distancia está el/la ...?
It's five kilometers from here.Está a cinco kilómetros de aquí.
It's very near.Está muy cerca.
It's a bit far.Está un poco lejos.
Straight on.Todo derecho.
To the left.A la izquierda.
To the right.A la derecha.
The second street to the right.La segunda calle a la derecha.
On the corner.En la esquina.
Could you show it on the map?¿Podría enseñarmelo en el mapa?
Where does ... leave from?¿De dónde sale el/la ...?
Where do I get off (for the ...)?¿Dónde tengo que bajar (para el/la ...)?
Which bus shall I take?¿Qué autobús tengo que tomar?
Take ...Tome usted el ...

Health


I'm fine.Estoy bien / Me siento bien.
I don't feel fine.No me siento bien / No me encuentro bien.
I feel ill.Me siento mal.
He/she feels ill.Se siente mal.
I'm sick.Estoy enfermo / enferma.
My head hurts.Me duele la cabeza / Tengo dolor de cabeza.
My teeth hurt.Me duelen los dientes.
I caught a cold.Estoy resfriado.
I feel nauseated.Tengo náuseas.
He feels nauseated.Tiene náuseas.
I have diarrhea.Tengo diarrea.
I have fever.Tengo fiebre.

Shopping


Can I help you?¿Qué desea?
Anything else?¿Algo más?
Is that all?¿Eso es todo?
How much does it cost?¿Cuánto cuesta?
How much do I owe you?¿Cuánto (le) debo?
I would like to buy ...Quisiera comprar ...
Where can I buy a ...¿Dónde puedo comprar un ...?
I'd like a kilo of apple, please.Déme, por favor, un kilo de manzanas.
Three cans of beer, please.Tres latas de cerveza, por favor.
One pack, please.Déme un paquete.
A bit more / less.Un poco más / menos.
I need a stamp, too.Necesito un sello también.
Would you give me a bag?¿Puede darme una bolsa?
Would you change it for me?¿Puede cambiármelo?
Do you have ...?¿Tiene ...?
What ... do you have?¿Qué ... tiene?
Is there another one?¿Tiene otro / Hay otro?
Is there a cheaper one?¿Tiene otro más barato?
Can I try it on?¿Puedo probármela / -lo?
I don't like the color / the fabric.No me gusta el color / la tela.

Talking on the phone


Hello [calling party]Oiga / ¡Óigame!
Hello [called party]¡Dígame!
I'd like to talk to ...Quisiera hablar con ...
Who is calling?¿De parte de quién?
Who is that?¿Con quién hablo?
You've called the wrong number.Se ha equivocado.
Sorry, I've called the wrong number.Perdone, me he equivocado.
Hold on, please.Espere, por favor.
He/she is not available right now.Ahora no está.
Call him/her later.Llámele más tarde.
Call him/her in five minutes.Llámele en cinco minutos.

Politics Terms in Spanish

campaignla campaña
candidateel candidato
coalitionla coalición
coupel golpe de Estado
democracyla democracia
demonstrationla manifestación
demonstratorel/la manifestante
deputy, representativeel diputado
dictatorshipla dictadura
diplomacyla diplomacia
electionslas elecciones
electoralelectoral
foreign policyla política exterior
freedom of speechla libertad de expresión
governmentel gobierno
internal affairsla política interior
majorityla mayoría
ministerel ministro
ministryel ministerio
minorityla minoría
movementel movimiento
oppositionla oposición
parliamentel parlamento
partyel partido
politicianel político
presidentel presidente
prime ministerel primer ministro
referendumel plebiscito/referendo
spokespersonel/la portavoz
stateel estado
voteel voto

Business Terms in Spanish

affiliate companyla filial
assortmentel surtido
auctionla subasta
auditingla auditoría
balanceel saldo
bankel banco
bankruptcyla quiebra
businessel negocio
capitalel capital
clientel cliente
companyla empresa
competitionla competencia
consumerel consumidor
consumptionel consumo
creditel crédito
customsla aduana
debtla deuda
demandla demanda
economyla economía
expenseslos gastos
exporterel exportador
fairla feria
financeslas finanzas
foreign exchangela divisa
goodslos bienes
importerel importador
incomeel ingreso
industryla industria
insuranceel seguro
interestel interés
invoicela factura
marketel mercado
merchandisela mercancía
moneyel dinero
orderel pedido
priceel precio
profitel lucro
resourceslos recursos
sharela acción
shareholderel/la accionista
shop, storela tienda
stock exchangela bolsa
stock market indexel índice bursátil
supplyla oferta
surplusel superávit
taxel impuesto
tradeel comercio
transactionla transacción
unemploymentel desempleo